The key words will often need to be defined at the start of your essay, and will serve as its boundaries. [2] X Research source For example, if the question was “To what extent was the First World War a Total War?”, the key terms are “First World War”, and “Total War”. Do this before you begin conducting your research to ensure that your reading is closely focussed to the question and you don’t waste time.
Explain: provide an explanation of why something happened or didn’t happen. Interpret: analyse information within a larger framework to contextualise it. Evaluate: present and support a value-judgement. Argue: take a clear position on a debate and justify it. [3] X Research source
Your thesis statement should clearly address the essay prompt and provide supporting arguments. These supporting arguments will become body paragraphs in your essay, where you’ll elaborate and provide concrete evidence. [4] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source Your argument may change or become more nuanced as your write your essay, but having a clear thesis statement which you can refer back to is very helpful. For example, your summary could be something like “The First World War was a ’total war’ because civilian populations were mobilized both in the battlefield and on the home front”.
Pick out some key quotes that make your argument precisely and persuasively. [5] X Research source When writing your plan, you should already be thinking about how your essay will flow, and how each point will connect together.
Primary source material refers to any texts, films, pictures, or any other kind of evidence that was produced in the historical period, or by someone who participated in the events of the period, that you are writing about. Secondary material is the work by historians or other writers analysing events in the past. The body of historical work on a period or event is known as the historiography. It is not unusual to write a literature review or historiographical essay which does not directly draw on primary material. Typically a research essay would need significant primary material.
Start with the core texts in your reading list or course bibliography. Your teacher will have carefully selected these so you should start there. Look in footnotes and bibliographies. When you are reading be sure to pay attention to the footnotes and bibliographies which can guide you to further sources a give you a clear picture of the important texts. Use the library. If you have access to a library at your school or college, be sure to make the most of it. Search online catalogues and speak to librarians. Access online journal databases. If you are in college it is likely that you will have access to academic journals online. These are an excellent and easy to navigate resources. Use online sources with discretion. Try using free scholarly databases, like Google Scholar, which offer quality academic sources, but avoid using the non-trustworthy websites that come up when you simply search your topic online. Avoid using crowd-sourced sites like Wikipedia as sources. However, you can look at the sources cited on a Wikipedia page and use them instead, if they seem credible.
Who is the author? Is it written by an academic with a position at a University? Search for the author online. Who is the publisher? Is the book published by an established academic press? Look in the cover to check the publisher, if it is published by a University Press that is a good sign. If it’s an article, where is published? If you are using an article check that it has been published in an academic journal. [8] X Research source If the article is online, what is the URL? Government sources with . gov addresses are good sources, as are . edu sites.
Ask yourself why the author is making this argument. Evaluate the text by placing it into a broader intellectual context. Is it part of a certain tradition in historiography? Is it a response to a particular idea? Consider where there are weaknesses and limitations to the argument. Always keep a critical mindset and try to identify areas where you think the argument is overly stretched or the evidence doesn’t match the author’s claims. [9] X Research source
Label all your notes with the page numbers and precise bibliographic information on the source. If you have a quote but can’t remember where you found it, imagine trying to skip back through everything you have read to find that one line. If you use something and don’t reference it fully you risk plagiarism. [10] X Research source
For example you could start by saying “In the First World War new technologies and the mass mobilization of populations meant that the war was not fought solely by standing armies”. This first sentences introduces the topic of your essay in a broad way which you can start focus to in on more.
This will lead to an outline of the structure of your essay and your argument. Here you will explain the particular approach you have taken to the essay. For example, if you are using case studies you should explain this and give a brief overview of which case studies you will be using and why.
Try to include a sentence that concludes each paragraph and links it to the next paragraph. When you are organising your essay think of each paragraph as addressing one element of the essay question. Keeping a close focus like this will also help you avoid drifting away from the topic of the essay and will encourage you to write in precise and concise prose. Don’t forget to write in the past tense when referring to something that has already happened.
Don’t drop a quote from a primary source into your prose without introducing it and discussing it, and try to avoid long quotations. Use only the quotes that best illustrate your point. If you are referring to a secondary source, you can usually summarise in your own words rather than quoting directly. Be sure to fully cite anything you refer to, including if you do not quote it directly.
Think about the first and last sentence in every paragraph and how they connect to the previous and next paragraph. Try to avoid beginning paragraphs with simple phrases that make your essay appear more like a list. For example, limit your use of words like: “Additionally”, “Moreover”, “Furthermore”. Give an indication of where your essay is going and how you are building on what you have already said. [15] X Research source
Briefly outline the implications of your argument and it’s significance in relation to the historiography, but avoid grand sweeping statements. [16] X Research source A conclusion also provides the opportunity to point to areas beyond the scope of your essay where the research could be developed in the future.
Try to cut down any overly long sentences or run-on sentences. Instead, try to write clear and accurate prose and avoid unnecessary words. Concentrate on developing a clear, simple and highly readable prose style first before you think about developing your writing further. [17] X Research source Reading your essay out load can help you get a clearer picture of awkward phrasing and overly long sentences. [18] X Research source
When you read through your essay look at each paragraph and ask yourself, “what point this paragraph is making”. You might have produced a nice piece of narrative writing, but if you are not directly answering the question it is not going to help your grade.
A bibliography will typically have primary sources first, followed by secondary sources. [19] X Research source Double and triple check that you have included all the necessary references in the text. If you forgot to include a reference you risk being reported for plagiarism.
